Logic: Love is a Fallacy (Part VIII )( Last Part )

Five Grueling nights this look but it was worth it. I had made a logician out of Polly; I had taught her to think. My job was done. She was worthy of me at last. She was fit wife for me, a proper hostess for my many mansions, a suitable mother for my well-heeled children.

It must not be thought that I was without love for this girl. Quite the contrary. Just as Pygmalion loved the perfect woman he had fashioned, so I loved mine. I determined to acquaint her with my feelings at our very next meeting. The time had come to change our relationship from academic to romantic. "Polly," I said when next we sat beneath our oak, "tonight we will not discuss fallacies."

"Aw, gee, " she said, disappointed.

"My dear ," I said, favoring her with a smile, "we have spent five evening together, We have gotten along splendidly. It is clear that we are well matched."

"Hasty Generalization, " said Polly brightly.

"I beg your pardon," said I.

"Hasty Generalization," she repeated. "How can you say that we are well matched on the basis of only five dates?"

I chuckled with amusement. The dear child had learned her lesson well. "My dear," I said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner. "Five dates is plenty. After all, you don't have to eat a whole cake to know that it's good."

"False Analogy," said Polly promptly. "I'm not a cake. I'm a girl,"

I chuckled with somewhat less amusement. The dear child had learned her lessons perhaps too well. I decided to change tactics. Obviously the best approach was a simple, strong, direct declaration of love. I paused for a moment while my massive brain chose the proper words. Then I began:

"Polly, I love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars and the constellations of outer space. Please, my darling, say that you will go steady with me, for if you will not, life will be meaningless. I will languish. I will refuse my meals. I will wander the face of earth, a shambling, hollow-eyed hulk." There, I thought, folding my arms that ought to do it.

"Ad Misericordiam," said Polly.

I ground my teeth. I was not Pygmalion; I was Frankenstein, and my monster had me by the throat. Frantically I fought back the tide of panic surging through me. At all costs I had to keep cool.

"Well, Polly," I said, forcing a smile, "you certainly have learned your fallacies."

"You're darn right," she said with a vigorous nod.

"And who taught them to you, Polly?"

"You did."

"That's right. So you do owe me something. don't you my dear? If I hadn't come along you never would have learned about fallacies."

"Hypothesis Contrary to Fact." she said instantly.

I dashed perspiration from my brow. "Polly," I croaked,"you mustn't take all these things so literally. I mean this is just classroom stuff. You know that the things you learn in school don't have anything to do with life."

"Dicto Simpliciter," she said, wagging her finger at me playfully.

That did it. I leaped to my feet, bellowing like a bull. "Will you or will you not go steady with me?"

"I will not," she replied, "Why not?" I demanded. "Because this afternoon I promised Petey Burch that I would go steady with him."

"Poisoning the Well," said Polly, "and stop shouting. I think shouting must be a fallacy too."

With an immense effort of will, I modulated my voice. "All right," I said. "You're a logician. Let's look at this thing logically. How could you choose Petey Burch over me? Look at me -- a brilliant student a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future. Look at Petey -- a knothead, a jitterbug, a guy who'll never know where his next meal is coming from. Can you give me one logical reason why you should go steady with Petey Burch?"

"I certainly can," declared Polly. "He's got a raccoon coat."

(The End)
Max Schulman

Logic: Love is a Fallacy (Part VII )( On Every Sunday )

Recap:

I thought I should gave Petey his girl back, then I decided to wasted
another night on it. I discussed with her some more fallacies next night.
Ad Misericordiam and False Analogy. And I thought she might have
learned something.

Doggedly I pressed on. "Next we`ll try Hypothesis Contrary to Fact."

"Sounds yummy," was Polly`s reaction. "Listen: If Madam Curie had not happened to leave a photographic plate in a drawer with a chunk of pitchblende, the world today would not know about radium."

"True, true," said Polly, nodding her head. "Did you see the movie? Oh, it just knocked me oput. That Walter Pidgeon is so dreamy. I mean he fractures me."

"If you can forget Mr. Pidgeon for a moment," I said coldly. "I would like to point out that the statement is a fallacy. May be Madam Curie would have discovered radium at some later date. May be somebody else would have discovered it. May be any number of things would happened. You can`t start with a hypothesis that is not true and then draw any supportable conclusion from it."

"They ought to put Walter Pidgeon in more pictures," said Polly. "I hardly ever see him anymore."

One more chance, I decided. But just one more. There is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear. "The next fallacy is called Poisoning the Well."

"How cute!" she gurgled.

"Two men are having a debate. The first one gets up and says, 'My opponent is a notorious liar. You can`t believe a word that he is gooing to say'........... Nom, Polly, think. Think hard. What`s wrong?"

I watched her closely as she knit her creamy brown in concentration. Suddenly a glimmer of intelligence -- the first I had seen ... came into her eyes. "It`s not fair," she said with indignation. "It`s not a bit fair. What chance has the second man got if the first man calls him a liar before he even begins talking?" "Right!" I cried exultanty. "One hundred percent right. It`s not fair. The first man has poisoned the well before anybody could drink from it. He has hamstrung his opponent before he could even start.....

Polly, I`m proud of you."

"Pshaw," she murmured, blushing with pleasure.

"You see, my dear, these things aren`t so hard. All you have to do is concentrate. Think -- examine -- evalute. Come now, let`s review everything we have learned."

"Fireaway." she said with an airy wave of her hand.

Heartened by the knowledge that Polly was not altogether a cretin, I began a long, patient review of all I had told her. Over and over and over again I cited instances, pointed out flwas, kept hammering away without let up. It was like digging a tunnel. At first everything was work, sweet and darkness. I had no idea when I would reach the light, or even If I would. But I persisted. I pounded and clawed and scraped, and finally I was rewarded. I saw a chink of light. And then the chink got bigger and the sun came pouring in and all was bright.

                                                                                                                 (Next week last part,to be continue…)

                                                                                                                 Max Schulman

Logic: Love is a Fallacy (Part VI )( On Every Sunday )

                     Recap:

I discussed with her three fallacies; Hasty General-ization, Post Hoc. ,
Contradictory Premises. She rarely understood anything. But still she
liked it. So we decided to made another session next night.

I deposited her at the girls' dormitory, where she assured me that she had had perfectly teriff evening, and I went glumly home to my room. Petey lay snoring in his bed, the raccoon coat huddled like a great hairy beast at his feet. For a moment I considered waking him and telling him that he could have his girl back. It seemed clear that my project was doomed to failure. The girl simply had logic-proof head.

But then I reconsidered. I had wasted one evening; I might as well waste another. Who knew? May be somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind, a few embers still smoldered. May be somehow I could fan them into flame. Admittedly it was not a prospect fraught with hope, but I decided to give it one more try.

Seated under the oak the next evening I said, "Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam."

She quivered with delight.

"Listen closely," I said. "A man applies for a job. When boss asks him what his qualifications are, he replies that he has a wife and six children at home, the wife is a helpless cripple, the children have nothing to eat, no clothes to wear, no shoes on their feet, there are no beds in the house, no coal in the cellar, and winter is coming." A tear rolled down each of Polly's pink cheeks. "Oh, this is awful, awful," she sobbed.

"Yes it's awful," I agreed, "but it's no argument. The man never answered the boss's question about his qualifications. Instead he appealed to the boss's sympathy. He committed the fallacy of Ad Misericordiam. Do you understand?"

"Have you got a handkerchief?" she blubbered.

I handed her a handkerchief and tried to keep from screaming while she wiped her eyes. "Next," I said in a carefully controlled tone, "we will discuss False Analogy. Here is an example: Students should be allowed to look at their textbook during examinations. After all, surgeon have X-rays to guide them during an operation, lawyers have briefs to guide them during a trial, carpenters have blueprints to guide them when they are building a house. Why, then, shouldn't students be allowed to look at their textbook during an examination?"

"There now," she said enthusiastically, "is the most marvy idea I've heard in years."

"Polly," I said testily, "the argument is wrong. Doctors, lawyers, and carpenters aren't taking a test to see how much they have learned, but students are. The situations are altogether different, and you can't make an analogy between them."

"I still think it's a good idea," said Polly.

"Nuts." I muttered.

(to be continue…)

Max Schulman

Logic: Love is a Fallacy (Part V )( On Every Sunday )

                      Recap:

I made a deal with Petey that he could get my dad's old raccoon coat
if he let his girl to me mine. And he agreed. I had my first date with Polly.
She needed to be a logician otherwise she was good. So I decided to
talk on Logic and told her about fallacies. One of them we had
discussed; Dicto Simplicitor.

She said, "But this is marvy. Do more! Do more!"

"It will be better if you stop tugging at my sleeve," I told her, and when she desisted, I continued. "Next we take up a fallacy called Hasty General-ization. Listen carefully: You can't speak French. I can't speak French. Petey can't speak French. I must therefore conclude that nobody at the University of Minnesota can speak French."

"Really?" said Polly, amazed. "Nobody"

I hid my exasperation. "Polly, its a fallacy. The generalization is reached too hastily. There are too few instance to support such a conclusion."

"Know any more fallacies?" she asked breathlessly. "This is more fun than dancing even."

I fought off a wave of despair. I was getting nowhere with this girl, absolutely nowhere. Still, I am nothing if not persistent. I continued, "Next comes Post Hoc. Listen to this: Let's not take Bill on our picnic. Every time we take him out with us, it rains,"

"I know somebody just like that," she exclaimed. "A girl back home -- Elua Becker, her name is. It never fails. Every single time we take her on a picnic --"

"Polly," I said sharply. "it's a fallacy. Elua Becker doesn't cause rain. She has no connection with the rain. You are guilty of Post Hoc if you blame Elua Becker."

"I'll never do it again," she promised contritely. "Are you mad at me?"

I signed deeply. "No, Polly, I'm not mad."

"Then tell me some more fallacies."

"All right. Lets try Contradictory Premises."

"Yes, let's," she chirped, blinking her eyes happily.

I frawned, but plunged ahead. "Here's an example of Contradictory Premises: If God can do anything can He make a stone so heavy that He won't be able to life it?"

"Of course," she replied promptly.

"But if He can do anything. He can lift the stone." I pointed out.

"Yeah," she said thoughtfully. "Well, then I guess. He can't make the stone."

"But He can do anything." I reminded her.

 She scratched her pretty, empty head. "I'm all confused," she admitted.

"Of course you are. Because when premises of an argument contradict each other, there can be no argument. If there is an irresistible force, there can be no immovable object. If there is an immovable object, there can be no irresistible force. Get it?"

"Tell me some more of this keen stuff," she said eagerly.

I consulted my watch. "I think we'd better call it a night. I'll take you home now, and you go over all the things you've learned. We'll have another session tomorrow night."

(to be continue…)

Max Schulman

Logic: Love is a Fallacy (Part IV )( On Every Sunday )

I had my first date with Polly the following evening. This was in the nature of a survey; I wanted to find out just how much work I had to do to get her mind up to the standard required. I took her first to dinner, "Gee, that was a delish dinner,"she said as we left the restaurant.Then I took her to movie." Gee that was a marvy movie," she said as we left the theater. And then I took her home. " Gee, I had a sensaysh time, " she said as she bade me good night.

I went back to my room with a heavy heart. I had gravely underestimated the size of my task. This girl's lack of information was terrifying. Nor would it be enough merely to supply her with information. first she had to be taught to think.This loomed as a project of no small dimensions, and at first I was tempted to give her back to Petey. But then I got to thinking about her abundant physical charms and about the way she entered a room and the way she handled a knife and fork, and I decided to make an effort.

I went about it, as in all things, systematically. I gave her a course in logic. It happened that I, as a law student, was taking a course in logic myself, so I had all the facts at my finger tips. " Polly, " I said to her when I picked her up on our next date," tonight we are going over to the Knoll and talk."
   
" Oo, terrif," she replied.One thing I will say for this girl: you would go far to find another so agreeable.

We went to the Knoll, the campus trysting place, and we sat down under an old oak, and she looked at me expectantly. " What are we going to talk about?" she asked.

"Logic."

She thought this over for a minute and decided she liked it. " Magnif, " she said.

" Logic, " I said, clearing my throat, " is the science of thinking. Before we can think correctly, we must first learn to recognize the fallacies of logic. These we will take up tonight."

" Wow-dow!" she cried, clapped her hands delightedly.


I winced, but went bravely on.

" First let us examine the fallacy called Dicto  Simplicitor". By all means, she urged, batting her lashes eagerly. " Dicto Simplicitor means an argument based on an unqualified generalization. For example: Exercise is good. Therefore everybody should take exercise."

" I agree, " said Polly earnestly. " I mean exercise is wonderful. I mean it builds the body and everything."

" Polly, " I said gently, " the argument is a fallacy. Exercise is good is an unqualified generalization. For instance, if you have heart disease, exercise is bad, not good. Many people are ordered by their doctors not to exercise. You must qualify the generalization.You must say exercise is usually good, or exercise is good for most people. Otherwise you have committed a Dicto Simplicitor.Do you see'?"

"No," she confessed.

Logic : Love is a Fallacy (Part III ) ( On Every Sunday )

                            Recap:

It occurred to me that my father owned a raccoon coat once. If I
gave that one to Petey then I could asked for his girl Polly. This
desire was not emotional but being a lawyer I want a prefect wife
which could suit with my professional and grow up my kids as a
logician. She lack behind in logic but over all she was amazing.
Her eating manners were impressive.

"Look," I said to Petey when I got back Monday morning. I threw open the suitcase and revealed the huge, hairy, gamy object that my father had worn in his Stutz Bearcat in 1925.

"Holy Toledo!" said Petey reverently. He plunged his hands into the raccoon coat and then his face. "Holy Toledo!" he repeated fifteen or twenty times.

"Would you like it?" I asked.

"Oh, yes!" he cried, clutching the greasy pelt to him. Then a canny look came into his eyes. "What do you want for it?"

"Your girl," I said, mincing no words.

"Polly?" he said in a horrified whisper. "You want Polly?"

"That's right."

He flung the coat from him. "Never," he said stoutly.

I shrugged. "Okay. If you don't want to be in the swim, I guess it's your business."

I sat down in a chair and pretended to read a book, but out of the corner of my eye I kept watching Petey. He was a torn man. First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window. Then he turned away and set his jaw resolutely. Then he looked back at coat, with even more longing in his face. Then he turned away but with not so much resolution this time. Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning. Finally he didn't turn awayat all; he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat.

"It isn't as though I was in love with Polly," he said thickly. "Or going steady or anything like that."

"That's right," I murmured.

"What's Polly to me, or me to Polly?"

"Not a thing," said I.

"It's just been casual kick -- just a few laugh, that's all."

"Try on the coat," said I.

He complied. The coat bunched high over his ears and dropped all the way to his shoe tops. He looked like a mound of dead raccoons. "Fits fine," he said happily.

I rose from my chair. "Is it a deal?" I asked, extending my hand.

He swallowed. "It's a deal," he said and shook my hand.

(to be continue…)

Max Schulman

Logic : Love is a Fallacy (Part II) ( On Every Sunday )

                             Recap:

I was a logician and I wondered why people were so emotional

like my room-mate, Petey. One day I found him laying on bed and 

desiring for a raccoon coat. And I didn't find any reason for owning

such a unsanitary coat.  While he insisted on this that he could give

anything for a raccoon coat. ANYTHING!!!

My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear."Anything?" I asked, looking at him narrowly.

 "Anything" he affirmed in ringing tones.

 I  stroked my chin thoughtfully. It so happened that I knew where to get my hands on a raccoon coat. My father had had one in his undergraduate days; it lay now in a trunk in the attic back home. It also happened that Petey had something I wanted. He didn't have it exactly but at least he had first rights on it. I refer to his girl, Polly Espy.

I had long coveted Polly Espy. Let me emphasize that my desire for this young woman was not emotional in nature. She was, to be sure, a girl who exited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart, rule my head. I wanted Polly for a shrewdly calculated, entirely cerebral reason.

I was a freshman in law school. In a few years I would be out in practice. I was well aware of the importance of the right kind of wife in furthering a lawyer's career. The successful lawyers, I had observed, were almost without exception, married to beautiful, gracious, intelligent woman. With one omission, Polly fitted these specifications perfectly.

Beautiful she was.She was not yet of pin-up proportions, but I left sure that time would supply the lack. She already had the makings.

Gracious she was. By gracious I mean full of grace. She had an erectness of carriage, an ease of bearing, a poise that clearly indicated the best of breeding. At table her manners were exquisite. I had seen her at the Kozy Kampus Korner eating the specialty of the house--a sandwich that contained scraps of pot  roast, gravy, chopped nuts, and a dipper of sauerkraut--without even getting her fingers moist. Intelligent she was not. In fact, she veered in the opposite direction. But I believed that under my guidance she would smarten up. At any rate, it was worth a try. It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smarter than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.

"Petey," I said, "are you in love with Polly Espy?"

" I think she's a keen kid" , he replied, " but I don't know if you'd call it love. Why?"

"Do you," I asked, "have any kind of formal arrangement with her? I mean are you going steady or anything  like that?"

"No. We see each other quite a bit, but we both have other dates.

 Why?''

"Is there," I asked, "any other man for whom she has a particular fondness?''

"Not that I know of. Why?"

I nodded with satisfaction. " In other words, If you were out of the picture, the field would be open. Is that right?"

"I guess so. What are you getting at?"

"Nothing, nothing, " I said innocently, and took my suitcase out of the closet.

"Where are you going?" asked Petey.

"Home for the weekend." I threw a few things into the bag. " Listen, " he said, clutching my arm eagerly, "While you're home, you couldn't get some money from your old man, could you, and lend it to me so I can buy a raccoon coat?"

"I may do better than that" , I said with a mysterious wink and closed my long bag and left.

(to be continue…)

Max Schulman

Logic : Love is a Fallacy ( On Every Sunday )

This fascinating story with sparkling wit and dramatic dialogues could be seen  as a

pedagogical device to explain some of the logical fallacies we tend to commit in our

thinking and argumentation. A sensitive awareness of these fallacies should save us from

a lot of pointless controversies and irrational attitudes. It should also be of interest to see

the narrator trying to play the Pygmalion, and ending in a well-deserved fiasco.

Cool was I and logical. Keen, calculating, perspicacious, acute and astute---I was all of these.  My brain was as powerful as dynamo, as precise as chemist’s scales, as penetrating as a scalpel. And ---think of it! ---I was only eighteen.

It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect. Take, for example, Petey Burch, my room-mate t University of Minnesota. Same age, same background, but dumb as an ox. A nice enough fellow, you understand, but nothing upstairs. Emotional type. Unstable. Impressionable. Worst of all, a faddist. Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason. To be swept up in every new craze that comes along, to surrender yourself to idiocy just because everybody else is doing it---this, to me, acme of mindlessness. Not, however, to Petey.

One afternoon I found Petey lying on his bed with an expression of such distress on his face that I immediately diagnosed appendicitis. “Don’t move,” I said. “Don’t take a laxative. I’ll get a doctor.”

“Raccoon,” he mumbled thickly.

“Raccoon?” I said, pausing in my flight. “I want a raccoon coat,” he wailed.

I perceived that his trouble was not physical, but mental. “Why do you want a raccoon coat?”

“I should have known it,” he cried, pounding his temples. “I should have known they’d come back when the Charleston came back. Like a fool I spent all my money for textbooks, and now I can’t get a raccoon coat.”

“Can you mean,” I said incredulously, “that people are actually wearing raccoon coats again?”

“All the Big Men on Campus are wearing them. Where’ve you been?”

“In the library,” I said, naming a place not frequented by Big Men on Campus.

He leaped from the bed and paced the room. “I’ve got to have a raccoon coat,” he said passionately. “I’ve got to!”

“Petey, why? Look at it rationally. Raccoon coats are unsanitary. They shed. They smell bad. They weigh too much. They’re unsightly. They----“

“You don’t understand,” he interrupted impatiently. “It’s the thing to do. Don’t you want to be in the swim?”

“No,” I said truthfully.

“Well, I do,” he declared, “I’d give anything for a raccoon coat. Anything”

(to be continue…)

Max Schulman